Tobacco- Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tobacco- - Research Paper Example Soon after its arrival in Europe, the crop became widely cultivated. The growth of its popularity in European nations was due to the supposed medicinal capability of the plant. In 1571, Nicolas Monardes authored a book on medicinal plants in which he praised tobacco as a medicinal plant. According to Monardes tobacco would cure approximately 36 health problems. It is such popularization, which spurred the use of tobacco in 1600’s to an extent that tobacco was used as a value exchange product. Tobacco was as good as money in the early 1600 period. The world did not know that what had become misleadingly acceptable would become a leading respiratory disease causing agent with carcinogenic effects (Randall 1). Currently, there are millions of men and women across the globe that smoke, chew and sniff tobacco products. However, smoking is the most popular form of tobacco use, and among the leading causes of preventable health conditions and death (Jiloha 64). This is partly due to the fact that there are numerous cigarette manufacturing firms, and cigarettes are easily available in most retail points. All these factors coupled with prolific advertising, encourage the development of smoking habits among the youth. According to Jiloha (64), an estimated 1.3 billion people smoke tobacco worldwide, and half of this population will prematurely succumb to some form of tobacco-related illness. Tobacco smoking accounts for 5 million deaths annually, with tobacco related illnesses being the second major cause of death (Jiloha 65). Modest estimates show that if the current trend persists, tobacco may cause approximately 10 million deaths per annum by 2020. The health sector is the most affected by th e use of tobacco because it causes many health problems such as respiratory and cardiovascular complications. The most common respiratory conditions resulting from prolonged tobacco use include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, and airway

The Myocardial Infarction Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Myocardial Infarction Case - Essay Example Four pieces of assessment data The key pieces of assessment data include: the elevation of serum cardiac troponin levels (cTnT) diagnosed by collecting and testing of the blood; breathlessness, diagnosed by the observation of shortness of breath; appearing pale and tired, diagnosed by observing the patients feeling; patient feeling tired, fatigued, weak and nausea; the detection of heart sound S3 with no adventitious lung sounds or peripheral oedema; and prior history of heart failure as diagnosed by her doctor earlier; and the data of the 12- lead ECG which shows 2mm elevation in anterior leads of V1-V4 with the Q waves in inferior leads 11, 11 and a VF. McCaffery does not complain of chest pain, which is a symptom of acute myocardial infarction the reason for not having chest pain stems from her age and that she is diabetic. Davidson (2008) states that old and diabetic patients experience silent or non-pain myocardial infarction. Pathophysiology of the data pieces of assessment The pathophysiology of the Electrocardiograph (ECG) and the elevation of serum cardiac troponin (TP) piece data. ...he changes in plasma concentration of these markers bring out the diagnostic value; however, confusion may arise for the diagnoses of Angina which when damaged does produce troponins. The difference is that angina with minimal myocardial damage releases troponins to a minor degree. Electrocardiography (ECG) is difficult to interpret unless there exists a previous evidence of myocardial infarction. The first change is the serum troponin elevation followed by a diminution of the size of R wave and an occurrence of infarction of a Q wave develops. The Q wave develops because the myocardial infarct acts as an electrical window that transmits the changes from within the ventricular cavity to allow the electrocardiography (ECG) to see the reciprocal R wave from the walls of the ventricle (Hutchison’s, 2007). Therefore, McCaffery’s 12 lead show 2mm segment elevatio n with leads v1-v4 with the Q wave reciprocal changes of 11, 111, and a VF which leads to no other conclusion but to that of myocardial infarction. Electrocardiography recorded from a 70- year old man who had an acute infarct 2 days ago and had treatment for myocardial infarction 11 months before showed Q waves in the inferior leads (11, 111, and a VF) and serum troponin (ST) elevation on the anterior leads (1 and V2-V6) (Davidson’s, 2008). This diagnosis resembles that of McCaffery so it can rightly be inferred that McCaffery is suffering from myocardial infarction. The other reason for the pathophysiology of the electrocardiography is that one cannot rely on these results unless there is a prior diagnosis of myocardial infarction. This is overcome by the fact that, McCaffery was diagnosed with heart failure by her doctor and drugs prescribed.